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The assigning of genes to chromosomes and the calculation of their relative sequence and distance from each other on particular chromosomes. In initially assigning a gene to a particular chromosome, the inheritance of particular chromosome mutations may be studied, coupled with microscopic techniques. Linkage studies will indicate whether genes are on the same or different chromosomes and, if the former, their relative order and distance. Absolute distances cannot be determined by linkage studies. Chromosome mapping indicates that genes are arranged in linear order along chromosomes. In contrast to this, circular genetic maps are often obtained in pro-karyotic (nonchromosomal) organisms and viruses.
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